I recently had the opportunity to sit down with Francis de Souza, COO of Google Cloud, backstage at an event in Los Angeles. Amid the din around us, de Souza, who speaks in the calm, measured manner of a university professor, offered useful advice for companies navigating the AI security moment we’re all living through, noting that “there’ll be a transition period, and then I think we get to this better place.”
He wasn’t speaking about Google at that moment, but it’s clear that even Google is still figuring things out.
De Souza’s core message was one security professionals have been trying to get executives to internalize for years, now made urgent by AI: security can’t be an afterthought. “As companies embark on this AI journey, they need to take a platform approach,” he said. “Security is not something you can bolt on later, and it’s not something you can leave up to employees to do on their own.” He warned specifically about “shadow AI” — employees reaching for consumer tools without organizational oversight — and argued that companies need to demand security, governance, and auditability from their platforms from the start. “There’s no such thing as an AI strategy without a data strategy and a security strategy. They need to go hand in hand.”
Worth noting: he wasn’t pitching Google Cloud alone. When I observed that his advice sounded like a Google advertisement, he pushed back. Google, he said, is committed to a multicloud approach, and he made the case that companies that think they’re operating on a single cloud almost certainly aren’t. “Even if they pick a single cloud, they’re relying on SaaS applications, there are business partners that may be using different clouds,” he said. “It’s important for companies to have a security posture that is consistent across clouds, across models.”
He also made the case that the threat landscape has changed so fundamentally that old defensive models are too slow. He noted that the average time between an initial breach and the handoff to the next stage of an attack has dropped from eight hours to 22 seconds, and that the attack surface has expanded well beyond the traditional network perimeter. “In addition to your usual estate, you have models now. You have data pipelines used to train the models. You have agents, you have prompts. All of this needs to be protected.”
One threat de Souza flagged that doesn’t get enough attention: agents moving through a company’s internal systems can surface forgotten data repositories that nobody has thought about in years. “A lot of organizations have old SharePoint servers [and access controls] they haven’t really updated, but it didn’t matter because nobody really knew where they were. But agents roaming your enterprise will find those data assets and will expose the data on them.”
The answer, in his view, is to meet machine speed with machine speed. “We’re now seeing the emergence of an AI-native, fully agentic defense where organizations can run agents driving their defense,” he said. “Instead of having a human-led defense or even a human in the loop, you can now have humans overseeing a fully agentic defense.” He added that this has become a leadership issue, not just a technology one. “This is a board-level issue and an executive team issue. It’s not just a security team’s issue.”
But even as AI takes on more of the defensive workload, the people qualified to oversee it are in short supply — and the vulnerabilities that AI itself is introducing are multiplying faster than security teams can address them. “We’re going to need people to deal with the bug-pocalypse,” LinkedIn’s chief information security officer Lea Kissner told the New York Times this week, adding that she doesn’t expect the industry to understand AI security in any sustainable long-term way for at least several years.
Which brings us back to the platform providers themselves. The Register has published a series of reports over the past several weeks documenting a wave of Google Cloud developers hit with five-figure bills following unauthorized API calls to Gemini models — services many of them had never used or intentionally enabled. The cases followed a familiar pattern: API keys originally deployed for Google Maps, placed publicly per Google’s own instructions, had quietly become capable of accessing Gemini after Google expanded their scope without clearly disclosing the change.
Rod Danan, CEO of interview-prep platform Prentus, said his bill hit $10,138 in roughly 30 minutes after attackers exploited his compromised API key. Isuru Fonseka, a Sydney-based developer whose account was similarly compromised, woke up to charges of roughly AUD $17,000 despite believing he had a $250 spending cap in place. What neither knew was that Google’s automated systems had upgraded their billing tiers based on account history, raising their effective ceilings to as high as $100,000 without explicit consent.
Google refunded both after The Register published its initial report. Still, Google told The Register it has no plans to change its automatic tier-upgrade policy, saying it prioritizes preventing service outages over enforcing users’ stated budget preferences.
In the meantime, there is the separate question of what happens when a developer tries to shut things down. The Register reported this week on research by security firm Aikido finding that even developers who catch a compromised key and immediately delete it may not be safe. According to Aikido’s findings, attackers can apparently continue using that key for up to 23 minutes because Google’s revocation propagates gradually across its infrastructure. Aikido researcher Joseph Leon told The Register that during that window, success rates are unpredictable — in some minutes over 90% of requests still authenticated — and attackers can use the time to exfiltrate files and cached conversation data from Gemini.
Leon also noted that Google’s own newer credential formats don’t appear to have the same problem: service account API credentials revoke in about five seconds, and Gemini’s newer AQ-prefixed key format takes about a minute. “Both run at Google scale,” he wrote in Aikido’s related paper. “Both suggest this is technically solvable for Google API keys, too.” In short, according to Leon, the 23-minute window isn’t an engineering constraint but a matter of priorities for the company.
That’s worth considering when reading de Souza’s advice, which is sound and should be taken very seriously. He’s not wrong, but there is currently a gap between the platforms are prescribing and how fast they are themselves adapating, and it’s good to be aware of this, too.
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Trading in Nigerian stocks last week hit a buoyancy last seen in the market more than six weeks ago, with transaction size accelerating 57.3 per cent to 4.4 billion shares as the earnings season kicked in in earnest.
A few inspiring half-year results, notably that of BUA Cement, were made public, but many more are expected as earnings release reaches fever pitch this week and companies hurry to beat the cut-off date for filing unaudited reports.
Investors will be pricing in companies’ chances of announcing interim dividends as they take position.
PREMIUM TIMES has assembled some stocks with sound fundamentals, adopting rigorous approaches to save you the risk of picking equities at random for investment.
The pick, a product of an analytical market watch, offers a guide to entering the market and taking strategic positions, with the expectation that selected stocks will record reasonable price appreciation with the passage of time.
This is not a buy, sell or hold recommendation but a stock investment guide. You may need to involve your financial advisor before taking investment decisions.
United Capital
United Capital tops this week’s pick on the basis of its strong fundamentals. The investment bank’s net profit ratio (NPR) is 51.2 per cent, while the price-to-earnings (PE) ratio is 10.4x. Its 14-day relative strength index (RSI) is 56.2.
Aradel Holdings
Aradel Holdings makes the selection for its strong fundamentals. The NPR of the energy company is 68.7 per cent, while the PE ratio is 8.8x. Its 14-day RSI is 43.2.
Custodian Investment
Custodian Investment appears on the pick on the basis of its robust fundamentals and for trading below its intrinsic value. The NPR of the company is 27.6 per cent, while the PE ratio is 6.3x. The 14-day RSI is 67.4.
Linkage Assurance
Linkage Assurance makes the cut by virtue of its strong fundamentals and for trading below its underlying value. The PE ratio of the insurer is 3.7x, while the 14-day RSI is 36.3.
Fidelity Bank
Fidelity Bank makes the selection on the basis of its strong fundamentals. The NPR of the lender is 16 per cent, while the PE ratio is 3.9x. Its 14-day RSI is 56.
Wema Bank
Wema Bank features on the list for its strong fundamentals and for trading below its underlying value. The NPR of the lender is 30.5 per cent, while the PE ratio is 1.2. Its 14-day RSI is 59.2.
Nigeria has emerged as one of Africa’s most promising economies for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven growth, with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranking the country among the continent’s top performers in AI readiness.
However, the global financial institution warns in the report reviewed by Technology Times that chronic deficits in electricity, broadband infrastructure and digital skills could prevent the country from fully capitalising on the technology’s economic potential.
The findings are contained in the IMF report, “Unlocking the Potential: AI in Sub-Saharan Africa,” which positions Nigeria among the region’s five economies expected to realise the greatest productivity gains from AI under current conditions. The report, however, stresses that translating this potential into sustained economic growth will require significant investment in the country’s digital and physical infrastructure.
Dr Bosun Tijani, Minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy, is seen in the photo. The IMF ranks Nigeria among Africa’s top AI economies but warns that electricity, broadband and digital skills gaps threaten AI-driven growth. Image credit: FMCIDE.
The report identifies Nigeria as one of the five Sub-Saharan African countries with the highest projected productivity gains from AI, reflecting the country’s growing technology ecosystem, expanding fintech industry and increasing digital adoption.
According to the IMF, Nigeria belongs to a select group of Sub-Saharan African economies, including Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia, Seychelles and South Africa, whose labour markets have relatively high exposure to occupations that stand to benefit from AI adoption.
Unlike many countries in the region where employment remains concentrated in sectors with limited AI exposure, Nigeria’s economic structure provides stronger opportunities for AI to augment worker productivity, improve business efficiency and support innovation across industries.
Nigeria among Africa’s AI frontrunners
The IMF says Nigeria’s relatively diversified economy, expanding digital ecosystem and growing technology sector place it in a favourable position to harness AI for economic transformation.
The report identifies Nigeria as one of the five Sub-Saharan African countries with the highest projected productivity gains from AI, reflecting the country’s growing technology ecosystem, expanding fintech industry and increasing digital adoption.
This positions Nigeria ahead of many regional peers as governments and businesses race to integrate AI into financial services, healthcare, education, agriculture, manufacturing and public administration.
Despite this strong outlook, the IMF cautions that favourable labour market characteristics alone will not guarantee success.
Instead, the country’s ability to convert AI potential into measurable economic gains will depend on addressing long-standing infrastructure bottlenecks that continue to constrain digital transformation.
Power shortages threaten AI ambitions
Among the biggest risks identified in the report is Nigeria’s persistent electricity challenge.
According to the IMF, nearly half of Sub-Saharan Africa’s population still lacks reliable electricity, while businesses across the region continue to suffer from frequent power interruptions.
Mr. Joseph Tegbe, Minister of Power, is seen in the photo. The IMF ranks Nigeria among Africa’s top AI economies but warns that electricity, broadband and digital skills gaps threaten AI-driven growth. Image credit: Ministry of Power.
For AI technologies, reliable electricity is not optional. Cloud computing platforms, AI training systems, data centres and high-performance computing facilities require uninterrupted power to operate efficiently.
For AI technologies, reliable electricity is not optional. Cloud computing platforms, AI training systems, data centres and high-performance computing facilities require uninterrupted power to operate efficiently.
The IMF notes that Nigeria’s dependence on self-generated electricity illustrates the scale of the challenge.
According to the report, 86% of Nigerian firms own or share electricity generators, underscoring the extent to which businesses rely on alternative power sources to remain operational.
While backup generators reduce downtime, they significantly increase operating costs, limit productivity gains and erode many of the efficiency benefits AI promises to deliver.
Broadband remains another critical gap
Beyond electricity, the IMF identifies broadband connectivity as another major barrier to AI adoption.
Although mobile network coverage extends to most of Africa’s population, internet usage, smartphone penetration and broadband quality remain below global averages.
The report argues that affordable, high-capacity broadband networks are essential for AI-powered applications, which increasingly rely on cloud computing, real-time data processing and digital public infrastructure.
Without widespread access to reliable broadband, businesses may struggle to deploy AI solutions at scale despite increasing availability of AI models and software platforms.
AI leadership requires infrastructure investment
The IMF argues that the debate around AI in Africa should move beyond access to technology itself.
Instead, governments should prioritise building the enabling environment that allows businesses, researchers and public institutions to adopt AI effectively.
“The policy agenda is therefore not simply about promoting AI adoption but about enabling broad-based, inclusive diffusion,” the report states.
“The region does not need to be at the technological frontier to benefit, but it must be able to adopt, adapt, and scale AI rapidly and inclusively.”
To unlock AI’s economic benefits, the IMF recommends that governments focus on five strategic priorities:
Expanding reliable and affordable electricity supply.
Accelerating broadband and digital infrastructure deployment.
Investing in digital, technical and AI-related skills.
Supporting local innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurship.
Developing governance frameworks that promote trust while managing AI risks.
The report warns that without these foundational investments, countries with strong AI potential could still fall behind as global AI adoption accelerates.
“The region’s AI trajectory is not predetermined: Policy choices will shape whether AI supports convergence or deepens divergence,” the IMF says.
Dr Aminu Maida, Executive Vice Chairman/CEO of Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), is seen in the photo. The IMF ranks Nigeria among Africa’s top AI economies but warns that electricity, broadband and digital skills gaps threaten AI-driven growth. Image credit: NCC.
Nigeria’s AI ecosystem continues to expand
Despite infrastructure constraints, Nigeria has continued to strengthen its AI ecosystem through government policy and private-sector investment.
Over the past year, the Federal Government has launched the ATLAS Network to support the development of African large language models (LLMs) while advancing implementation of the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy as part of broader digital economy reforms.
The IMF also highlights regional investment in AI computing infrastructure, citing Cassava Technologies’ partnership with NVIDIA to deploy graphics processing units (GPUs) across facilities in Nigeria and other African markets.
The initiative is expected to improve access to the computing capacity required for developing and deploying AI applications across the continent.
Combined with Nigeria’s large technology talent pool, vibrant startup ecosystem and growing fintech sector, these investments could strengthen the country’s position as one of Africa’s emerging AI leaders.
A narrowing window of opportunity
While optimistic about Nigeria’s long-term prospects, the IMF stresses that the opportunity presented by AI is time-sensitive.
“AI presents a narrow but meaningful window of opportunity for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to accelerate growth and improve living standards,” the report states.
The institution concludes that Nigeria’s ambition to become a continental AI powerhouse will ultimately depend less on access to AI models than on whether it can modernise the infrastructure that supports them.
Reliable electricity, affordable broadband, stronger digital skills and supportive policy frameworks, the IMF argues, will determine whether Nigeria converts its favourable AI ranking into lasting productivity gains and inclusive economic growth.
As global investment in AI accelerates, the report suggests that Nigeria has already secured a place among Africa’s leading AI economies. The greater challenge now is ensuring that infrastructure development keeps pace with technological ambition so that the country can translate its AI potential into tangible economic outcomes.
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