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PT Health Watch: Common cancer risk factors that should not be ignored

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Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, but health experts say many cancer cases are linked to preventable risk factors.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that cancer caused nearly 10 million deaths globally in 2024, accounting for almost one in six deaths worldwide. It says about 38 per cent of cancers can currently be prevented by avoiding known risk factors and implementing evidence-based prevention strategies.

Cancer continues to affect thousands of families in Nigeria every year. According to WHO, an estimated 130,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2022, with 80,000 deaths.

While cancer can result from several factors, including genetic changes, age and environmental exposures, some established risks are linked to infections, substances and behaviours that can be prevented.

In a recent health awareness video, Nigerian physician and health communicator, Chinonso Egemba, popularly known as Aproko Doctor, highlighted some of these risks, including hepatitis B, aflatoxin, tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus (HPV).

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Hepatitis B

According to Aproko Doctor, hepatitis B is particularly dangerous because it can remain in the body without obvious symptoms while damaging the liver.

“When it goes untreated and untested, it’s a virus that starts attacking your liver. Many Nigerians currently are living with it right now, and many of them don’t know because it can sit quietly inside your body for years without a single symptom,” he said.

His warning is supported by WHO, which says chronic hepatitis B infection can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer.

WHO estimates that 240 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B globally in 2024, with the infection contributing to about 1.1 million deaths, mainly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of primary liver cancer.

Hepatitis B is preventable through vaccination. WHO recommends hepatitis B vaccination as an important measure for preventing infection and its long-term complications.

Aflatoxin in food

Aproko Doctor warned that the cancer risk can begin with improperly stored food.

“Aflatoxin is basically a poison produced by fungus,” he explained, noting that it can contaminate foods such as grains and groundnuts when they are poorly stored.

According to WHO, Aflatoxins are a group of poisonous mycotoxins produced by certain moulds (Aspergillus species) that contaminate food crops and pose severe health risks like liver cancer. They are toxins produced by certain moulds and can contaminate crops including maize, sorghum, rice and groundnuts. Exposure to aflatoxins can cause liver cancer.

WHO advises discarding food that appears mouldy, discoloured, or shrivelled because mycotoxins can penetrate beyond the visibly affected part.

Aflatoxin exposure can also be particularly dangerous in people infected with hepatitis B. The WHO/FAO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives says hepatitis B infection is an important contributor to the ability of aflatoxins to cause liver cancer.

This means food storage and handling can also form part of cancer prevention, particularly in communities where grains and other foods are stored for long periods in warm or damp conditions.

Tobacco smoking

Tobacco remains one of the most established cancer risks.

“Smoking generally, as long as you light it with fire and put it on your body, increases the risk of cancer, especially tobacco smoke,” Aproko Doctor said.

He added that the danger was not limited to lung cancer because tobacco smoke contains cancer-causing chemicals that can damage cells throughout the body.

WHO says tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals, at least 69 of which are known to cause cancer. Tobacco use is the world’s single greatest avoidable risk factor for cancer mortality.

Smoking can cause cancers of the lung, mouth and throat, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, liver, pancreas, stomach, colon and rectum, cervix and blood, among others.

Alcohol

Alcohol is another established cancer risk. WHO confirms that alcohol consumption increases the risk of several cancers, including cancers of the mouth, throat, oesophagus, liver, colorectum and breast.

WHO also says no level of alcohol consumption can be considered risk-free in relation to cancer.

“The more alcohol you drink, the higher the risk. However, how much and how fast the risk from drinking alcohol increases differs by cancer type,” it noted.

The global body explained that alcohol increases the likelihood of developing certain cancers, with the risk influenced by the amount consumed and other factors.

Human papillomavirus

According to Aproko Doctor, the virus is common, and some types can cause cancer, particularly cervical cancer.

“In women, this particular HPV is responsible for cervical cancer,” he noted.

According to the WHO, persistent infection with high-risk HPV types causes nearly 99 per cent of all cervical cancer cases. HPV is also associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis and mouth and throat.

Although HPV infection is very common, not everyone infected with the virus will develop cancer. WHO says about 90 per cent of HPV infections are controlled naturally by the body, while persistent infection with high-risk types can lead to cancer.

WHO recommends a complete three-step strategy to stop cervical cancer through vaccination, screening, and treatment.

READ ALSO: WHO restricts Ervebo use in Bundibugyo outbreak

Preventing Cancer

A 2026 global analysis by WHO and its International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated that 37 per cent of all new cancer cases diagnosed globally in 2022, about 7.1 million cases, were linked to preventable causes.

Tobacco was the leading preventable cause, accounting for 15 per cent of all new cancer cases, followed by cancer-causing infections at 10 per cent and alcohol at three per cent.

WHO recommends avoiding tobacco, reducing or avoiding alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity and receiving recommended vaccinations against cancer-causing infections such as hepatitis B and HPV.

As Aproko Doctor noted, understanding the risks is an important first step.“Don’t let anybody deceive you. Say no to smoking in any form,” he said.


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Health

Lagos students use art to open new conversations on mental health

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Twenty-five art students of the Yaba College of Technology (Yabatech), Lagos State, have explored mental health and emotional well-being through art in a workshop aimed at encouraging conversations around mental health.

The two-day Health Story Lab, organised by the Yemisi Shyllon Museum of Art (YSMA), Pan-Atlantic University, in collaboration with the Art for Health Initiative (AHI), was held on 2 and 3 October in Lagos.

The programme, titled “What We Carry: Stories of Mental Health and Resilience”, brought together art, public health, mental health and storytelling to help the students explore how creative expression can be used to communicate experiences that may be difficult to discuss openly.

The workshop was held ahead of World Mental Health Day (WMHD), marked annually on 10 October.

Using art to discuss mental health

The students participated in sessions on public health and art, mental health and resilience, creative expression and art for social change.

According to the organisers, the discussions gave the students an opportunity to reflect on issues such as stress, uncertainty, social pressure, family expectations, grief, fear and hope.

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Representatives of YSMA and AHI and Facilitators of the Workshop
Representatives of YSMA and AHI and Facilitators of the Workshop

The students subsequently developed creative concepts and received feedback from facilitators and their peers.

The students also examined the role of art in health communication during a session led by Olayinka Badmus, a public health strategist. The session explored how creative expression can communicate public health issues and make health conversations more accessible.

Another session, led by psychiatrist and psychotherapist Emmanuel Abayomi, focused on mental health and resilience, while Art Project Lead Temitope Oladeji guided students to express their experiences and emotions through art. The programme also included a museum tour focused on art for social change, led by a museum educator, Charles Udeh.

Solomon Nkwagu, Head of Corporate Communication and Visitors’ Services at YSMA, said the programme showed the potential of art to encourage conversations around public and mental health.

“They began to see the possibility of using their creative voices to start conversations around public and mental health, to tell stories that people can recognise themselves in, and perhaps even to create moments of reflection and healing for others. That shift in perspective was one of the most rewarding parts of the programme,” Mr Nkwagu said.

In her remarks, Chidera Aneke, Founder of AHI, said the initiative was designed to make health communication more participatory, culturally relevant and emotionally engaging.

Ms Aneke said health information could be communicated not only through statistics and clinical information but also through stories, images, symbols, emotions and lived experiences.

“We wanted to create a space where young artists could understand that health is not only communicated through statistics, campaigns or clinical information. It can also be communicated through stories, images, symbols, emotions and lived experiences,” she said.

“Working with the students showed us the possibilities that emerge when artists are given the knowledge, language and space to think about health through their own creative practice.”

Mental health burden

Mental health remains a significant public health concern in Nigeria.

A 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of 53 studies involving more than 132,000 people estimated that 7.9 per cent of the general population had experienced suicidal thoughts, while 1.9 per cent had made suicidal plans and 1.3 per cent had attempted suicide.

Workshop Session at the Multipurpose Gallery of the YSMA
Workshop Session at the Multipurpose Gallery of the YSMA

The researchers said suicidal behaviour was more common among some groups, including adolescents, young people, and pregnant women.

This year’s World Mental Health Day theme is “Lived experiences heard: real voices, real change.”

The World Health Organisation (WHO) is calling for people who have experienced mental health conditions to have a meaningful role in shaping policies, services and decisions that affect them.

“World Mental Health Day is an opportunity to meaningfully engage with people with lived experience (PWLE) of mental health conditions and to recognise their knowledge as a vital form of expertise,” it noted.

READ ALSO: PT Health Watch: Why some pregnant women develop gestational diabetes

“This year’s campaign calls for their voices to shape the policies, services and decisions that affect their lives.”

From workshop to exhibition

The Yabatech students will develop artworks based on the issues explored during the workshop.

The works are expected to form a micro-exhibition in Lagos in November, giving members of the public an opportunity to engage with mental health and resilience through the perspectives of young artists.

The organisers said the initiative is intended to demonstrate how partnerships between the creative sector, museums and public health practitioners can create new ways of discussing mental health.


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9.5m children received no routine vaccine in 57 countries in 2025

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Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, says 9.5 million children in 57 supported countries received no routine vaccine in 2025, despite gains in global immunisation.

The figure, described as the number of “zero-dose” children, was contained in Gavi’s 2025 Annual Progress Report, which reviewed the alliance’s 2021-2025 strategic period.

Gavi defines zero-dose children as infants who have not received the first dose of a diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis-containing vaccine by the end of their first year.

Number falls from 2021 peak

According to the report, the number of zero-dose children in 2025 was 600,000 lower than in 2024 and 25 per cent lower than the peak recorded in 2021 following disruptions to routine immunisation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, the figure remained four per cent above the 2019 baseline, partly because of continued growth in the number of children being born.

Gavi said children living in fragile, conflict-affected and humanitarian settings remain among those most likely to be missed by immunisation programmes.

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Nigeria remains one of the countries with the highest number of zero-dose children. UNICEF estimated that about 2.2 million Nigerian children had never received a routine vaccine in 2025, the highest number in Africa.

Nigeria records gains in targeted areas

The report highlighted Nigeria, Ethiopia and Pakistan among countries where emerging data showed stronger immunisation coverage gains in sub-national areas that received greater Gavi focus and investment during the 2021-2025 period.

Gavi said the findings underscored the value of targeted, equity-focused investments in reaching communities that are being missed by routine immunisation.

The report also identified Nigeria among countries covered by Gavi’s Zero-Dose Learning Hubs, which examined what works and what does not in identifying and reaching zero-dose and under-immunised children.

The findings from Nigeria, Bangladesh, Mali and Uganda highlighted several issues, including gender-related barriers to immunisation.

73m children immunised in 2025

Despite the number of zero-dose children, Gavi said more than 73 million children were immunised through routine programmes with its support in 2025.

More than 351 million children were immunised during the 2021-2025 strategic period, “exceeding Gavi’s target of 300 million children.”

“By end 2025, Gavi-supported countries had immunised more than 1.3 billion unique children with Gavi support since 2000, exceeding our Investment Opportunity 2021-2025 commitment of more than 1.1 billion children immunised by 2025,” it noted.

Gavi said vaccination averted more than 2.2 million future deaths in 2025, bringing the total number of future deaths averted through its supported vaccination programmes to more than 7.8 million during the 2021-2025 period.

Generated economic benefits

The report said immunisation programmes generated more than $30 billion in economic benefits for Gavi-supported countries in 2025, the highest amount recorded in a single year.

The benefits were calculated from the costs of illness averted, including medical and associated costs, caretaker wages and productivity losses resulting from disability or death.

Gavi said the programmes generated more than $104 billion in economic benefits between 2021 and 2025 and more than $308 billion between 2000 and 2025.

Countries also contributed a record $301 million towards the co-financing of Gavi-supported vaccines in 2025, an 18 per cent increase from 2024.

About 80 per cent of the contribution came from domestic resources, while “approximately 20 per cent from low-interest loans from the World Bank.”

Gavi said countries had contributed a total of $2.2 billion towards vaccine co-financing since the policy was introduced in 2008.

More children

For its 2026 to 2030 strategic period, Gavi said it aims to protect another 500 million children through immunisation and avert between eight million and nine million future deaths.

READ ALSO:New TB vaccines could save 7.3m lives by 2050 – Gavi 

The Alliance also targets more than $100 billion in economic benefits during the period. Gavi said it would place greater emphasis on reaching zero-dose and under-immunised children while strengthening the sustainability of national immunisation programmes.

In her comments, Gavi Chief Executive Officer, Sania Nishtar, said the results showed that immunisation generates benefits beyond preventing disease. “However, when it comes to immunisation we know that the return on investment extends far beyond health to supporting sustainable, inclusive economic growth,” Ms Nishtar said.

WHO Director-General, Tedros Ghebreyesus, also said immunisation delivers massive gains in lives saved and diseases prevented, but also in terms of economic benefits.

“Countries understand that the cost of failing to vaccinate is far too great, while the benefits extend across families, communities, economies and future generations,” Mr Ghebreyesus was quoted to have said.


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