Health
Jos University Teaching Hospital’s psychiatric facility stretched as mental health cases rise
For three days, Emmanuel John waited anxiously in the psychiatric emergency unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), hoping a bed would become available for his daughter.
She had been referred to the hospital after suffering a severe mental health episode, but every bed in the psychiatric ward was occupied. She remained in the emergency unit, where doctors and nurses monitored her condition while the family waited for a vacant bed.
“We spent three days there because there was no bed,” Mr John told PREMIUM TIMES.
When a bed eventually became available, the family’s relief was short-lived. According to Mr John, his daughter was discharged early to yield her bed space to patients in more critical condition.
“I was disappointed, but I didn’t blame the doctors,” he said. “They were doing everything they could. The real problem is that there are too many patients and too few beds.”
Mr John’s experience illustrates the growing strain on one of North-central Nigeria’s major referral centres for mental healthcare.
John’s experience is becoming increasingly common at JUTH. As more Nigerians seek treatment for mental illness, the hospital’s psychiatric department is struggling to cope with demand, leaving patients waiting for admission, stretching healthcare workers and exposing wider weaknesses in Nigeria’s mental healthcare system.
A PREMIUM TIMES investigation, based on interviews with patients’ relatives, healthcare workers, hospital management and mental health experts, found that rising demand for psychiatric services is stretching JUTH’s capacity, forcing clinicians to make difficult decisions about admissions and discharges.
Although JUTH has not publicly released annual psychiatric admission figures, hospital officials and mental health workers interviewed by PREMIUM TIMES said they have witnessed a steady increase in patients over recent years.
They attributed the trend largely to rising substance abuse, worsening economic hardship, insecurity and increased public awareness that has encouraged more people to seek treatment.
Families caught in crisis
Mr John’s family is not alone.
Patience Samuel recalled a similar ordeal after her son developed a severe mental health condition and was taken to JUTH for specialist care.
Following an assessment, the family was informed that no admission bed was available.
“They attended to him, but they couldn’t admit him because there was no bed,” she said.
With no alternative, the family sought treatment at a private hospital, where the cost of care placed a heavy financial burden on them.
“If there had been space at JUTH, we would have stayed because treatment there is more affordable,” she said.
Their experiences highlight the difficult choices confronting many Nigerian families who depend on public hospitals for mental healthcare.
An overstretched facility
During several visits to JUTH’s psychiatric department, this reporter observed anxious relatives waiting around the emergency unit as healthcare workers attended to patients awaiting admission.
Hospital management confirmed that the department currently operates only two inpatient wards, a 20-bed male ward and a 15-bed female ward. Once the wards reach capacity, newly referred patients remain in the emergency section until space becomes available.
Healthcare workers, who spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorised to comment publicly, described the shortage as a persistent challenge.
According to them, clinicians are frequently compelled to balance the needs of patients already on admission with those arriving in critical condition. As a result, patients whose conditions have stabilised may be discharged earlier than doctors would ordinarily prefer to create room for emergency cases.
For many families, the alternatives are limited: endure days of uncertainty while waiting for admission or seek treatment at private facilities where the cost of care is often beyond their means.
A national challenge
The pressure on JUTH mirrors a wider crisis confronting Nigeria’s mental healthcare system.
According to the Federal Ministry of Health, only about one in five Nigerians living with severe mental illness receives appropriate treatment, leaving an estimated treatment gap of about 80 per cent.
A shortage of specialists has further weakened access to care. Nigeria has fewer than 300 practising psychiatrists serving a population of more than 200 million people, with most concentrated in major urban centres.
Mental health advocates attribute the situation to years of inadequate funding, persistent stigma, limited community-based services and the migration of healthcare professionals.
These challenges have increased pressure on tertiary hospitals such as JUTH, which now receive referrals from neighbouring states, even as their resources remain limited.
The growing burden comes despite recent policy reforms aimed at improving mental healthcare. The National Mental Health Act replaced decades-old legislation and seeks to strengthen mental health services, promote community-based care and protect the rights of people living with mental illness.
However, experts say meaningful implementation will require sustained funding, improved infrastructure and the recruitment of more specialised personnel.
Against this backdrop, JUTH has become a critical lifeline for many families seeking affordable psychiatric care, making the pressure on its limited facilities increasingly difficult to manage.
Hospital management responds
The Chief Medical Director of Jos JUTH), Pokop Bupwatda, acknowledged that the psychiatric department is operating under immense pressure but said the hospital has begun taking steps to improve capacity and service delivery.
In an interview with PREMIUM TIMES, he linked much of the increase in psychiatric admissions to the growing abuse of psychoactive substances, particularly among young people.
“We have seen many cases related to substance abuse, especially among young people,” he said. “It is one of the biggest challenges confronting mental healthcare today.”
Mr Bupwatda said the problem extends beyond patients seeking treatment.
“We have even discovered some members of our staff abusing substances. Whenever such cases arise, we ensure they receive appropriate rehabilitation because our priority is to help them recover.”
He stressed that tackling substance abuse requires a coordinated response involving families, schools, religious institutions, communities and government, arguing that hospitals alone cannot reverse the trend.
His concerns are consistent with national findings.
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), an estimated 14.3 million Nigerians aged 15 to 64 used psychoactive substances in 2018, representing a prevalence rate of 14.4 per cent—more than twice the global average at the time.
The survey remains Nigeria’s most comprehensive national assessment of drug use and continues to inform policy discussions on substance abuse and mental health. Cannabis remains the most commonly used illicit drug, while the non-medical use of opioids such as tramadol and codeine continues to drive addiction and psychiatric disorders across the country.
Mental health specialists say prolonged drug abuse can trigger psychosis, worsen existing psychiatric illnesses and increase the likelihood of relapse, making treatment more difficult and recovery longer.
Mr Bupwatda said the Federal Government’s policy requiring drug tests for prospective employees of federal health institutions is one of several measures aimed at addressing the challenge.
“The objective is to identify those who need help before they enter the workforce,” he said. “Where necessary, rehabilitation is provided because the goal is not punishment but recovery.”
Shortage of specialists
Beyond inadequate bed space, the hospital is also struggling with a shortage of specialised personnel.
Mr Bupwatda admitted that the psychiatric department is overwhelmed, describing the challenge as part of a wider healthcare workforce crisis affecting Nigeria.
“Yes, they are overwhelmed,” he said. “But this reflects the broader shortage of healthcare workers across the country. It is not a challenge peculiar to psychiatry.”
He explained that psychiatric care requires specialised training, making recruitment considerably more difficult than in many other areas of medicine.
“It is not every doctor or nurse that can work in psychiatry,” he said. “We are training more psychiatric nurses to strengthen the department and improve service delivery.”
During visits to the psychiatric department, this reporter observed relatives sitting quietly outside the emergency unit while nurses moved between patients awaiting admission. Inside, clinicians attended to new referrals even though the inpatient wards were already full, highlighting the pressure facing the department.
Despite these constraints, relatives of patients praised the commitment of doctors and nurses, saying staff continued to provide compassionate care despite limited resources.
Security concerns
The investigation also uncovered concerns about security within parts of the psychiatric complex.
This reporter observed sections of the complex that were not fully enclosed. Some healthcare workers, who requested anonymity because they were not authorised to speak publicly, expressed concern that the layout could make it easier for patients to leave the premises without authorisation.
Others alleged that prohibited substances occasionally find their way into the facility through visitors, potentially undermining the rehabilitation of patients receiving treatment for drug-related mental health conditions.
Responding to the allegations, Mr Bupwatda said he was unaware of the concerns but promised to investigate them.
“I am hearing that for the first time,” he said. “I will discuss it with the Head of Department. If there are security lapses, we will address them because the safety of our patients remains our priority.”
He added that strengthening security forms part of the hospital’s broader expansion plans, which are expected to improve both patient safety and the quality of psychiatric care.
Expansion offers hope, but challenges remain
Mr Bupwatda said the ongoing expansion of JUTH’s psychiatric complex is expected to ease pressure on the department by increasing admission capacity and improving the treatment environment.
According to him, the complex was designed to be developed in phases, with the existing wards representing only the first stage of the project.
He disclosed that the second phase is between 90 and 95 per cent complete and will provide additional wards and treatment spaces once commissioned.
“Our goal is to ensure that more patients receive timely care in a safer and more conducive environment,” he said.
The CMD added that JUTH’s relatively affordable treatment costs, compared with many private hospitals, have also contributed to the growing number of referrals from Plateau and neighbouring states.
“For many families, this hospital remains the most affordable option,” he said. “That is why we must continue expanding our facilities to meet the increasing demand.”
Experts call for wider reforms
Mental health experts, however, say expanding one hospital will not be enough to address Nigeria’s widening mental healthcare gap.
A Jos-based mental health expert, Mary-Jane Samuel, described the experiences of patients and their families as evidence of years of underinvestment in mental health services.
“The burden of mental illness is increasing, but investment in mental healthcare has remained inadequate,” she told PREMIUM TIMES.
While welcoming JUTH’s expansion project, she said the country must also invest in human resources by recruiting more psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists and social workers.
READ ALSO: Tinubu reappoints JUTH chief medical director
According to her, strengthening mental healthcare at primary and secondary health facilities would reduce unnecessary referrals to tertiary hospitals.
“Many patients should be able to access treatment closer to their communities instead of travelling long distances to referral hospitals,” she said. “Early diagnosis and treatment at lower levels of care will reduce the burden on facilities like JUTH.”
Mrs Samuel also advocated increased funding for psychiatric medicines, counselling services and rehabilitation programmes, stressing that effective mental healthcare extends beyond hospital admission.
Although the National Mental Health Act provides a legal framework for improving access to care, protecting patients’ rights and promoting community-based treatment, Mrs Samuel, however, cautioned that legislation alone will not transform services without increased funding.
She said that expanding psychiatric units, recruiting specialists and strengthening mental healthcare at primary and secondary facilities are essential if tertiary hospitals such as JUTH are to avoid becoming overwhelmed.
Waiting for change
For Emmanuel John, the debate over mental health funding is deeply personal.
He still remembers the anxiety of watching his daughter spend three days in JUTH’s emergency unit because no bed was available.
Although he commended the doctors and nurses for their professionalism, he believes no family should have to endure such an experience before receiving specialist care.
“I hope the government completes the new building quickly,” he said. “If there are more beds, other families will not have to go through what we experienced.”
Mrs Samuel expressed a similar hope.
“If there are more wards and more doctors, it will help families like ours,” she said.
Months after his daughter’s admission, Emmanuel John still remembers the uncertainty of waiting three days for a hospital bed. While he remains grateful for the care she received, he believes no family should have to wait during a mental health emergency because of inadequate facilities.
His experience reflects a challenge extending far beyond JUTH. As mental health needs continue to grow across Nigeria, experts say improving access to care will require more than new laws. It will demand sustained investment in specialist personnel, hospital infrastructure and community-based services to ensure that families seeking help can receive timely treatment when they need it most.
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Nearly 11 years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, world leaders are preparing for another round of climate negotiations amid growing concerns that global commitments are not translating into action quickly enough to address the climate crisis.
The 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), scheduled for 9 to 20 November in Antalya, Türkiye, will bring together governments, climate scientists, development institutions, businesses and civil society organisations to negotiate the next steps in the global response to climate change.
The summit comes at a critical time, as countries face increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, accelerate investment in clean energy and protect communities already experiencing the effects of rising temperatures.
Yet some of the most difficult questions in international climate negotiations remain unresolved.
Who should pay for climate action? How quickly should countries move away from fossil fuels? And how can developing economies pursue economic growth while reducing emissions and protecting vulnerable populations?
These questions are particularly important for Nigeria and other African countries, where the consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly visible through flooding, drought, extreme heat and pressure on agricultural production.
Beyond the environmental consequences, the negotiations have implications for electricity access, public health, food security, employment and the ability of developing countries to attract investment in cleaner technologies.
COP31 is not expected to produce a single agreement comparable to the Paris Agreement. Instead, much of the work will centre on implementing existing commitments, resolving disagreements carried over from previous conferences and establishing clearer pathways for financing climate action.
The central test will be whether countries can move beyond repeated declarations and agree on practical measures that deliver measurable results.
An unusual leadership arrangement
One distinctive feature of COP31 is the arrangement between Türkiye and Australia, which will share responsibilities for organising and leading the conference.
Türkiye will host the summit, with its Minister of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change, Murat Kurum, serving as COP president. Australia’s Minister for Climate Change and Energy, Chris Bowen, will serve as president of negotiations.
The arrangement followed a compromise after both countries pursued competing bids to host the conference.
Under the agreement, Türkiye will oversee the presidency and action agenda, while Australia will lead the formal negotiations.
The partnership is significant because the two countries approach climate policy from different economic positions.
Türkiye is an emerging economy seeking to expand industrial development and energy security, while Australia is a developed economy with substantial fossil fuel production and exports.
Their leadership will therefore be tested by the same disagreements that have complicated previous climate summits, particularly those concerning fossil fuels, climate finance and the responsibilities of developed and developing countries.
The Turkish presidency has placed implementation, electrification, green industrial development and resilient infrastructure among its priorities.
One of its flagship initiatives is the 35-by-35 Global Electrification Pledge, which seeks to increase electricity’s share of global final energy consumption to 35 per cent by 2035, from just over 20 per cent.
The initiative is intended to encourage greater use of electricity in transport, buildings and industry, supported by cleaner power generation, modern electricity grids and energy storage.
However, the pledge forms part of the presidency’s voluntary action agenda rather than a binding agreement negotiated by all countries.
This distinction matters because announcements made by summit organisers do not automatically become obligations under the UN climate process.
The World Leaders Climate Action Summit, scheduled for 11 and 12 November, will provide an early indication of the political support available for these priorities.
The finance question remains unresolved
Climate finance is likely to be among the most contentious issues in Antalya.
Developing countries have long argued that they cannot be expected to reduce emissions and adapt to climate impacts without substantial financial support from wealthier nations, which bear greater historical responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions. This principle is reflected in Article 9 of the Paris Agreement, which requires developed countries to provide financial resources to support developing countries’ mitigation and adaptation efforts.
At COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, in 2024, countries agreed that developed nations should take the lead in mobilising at least $300 billion annually in climate finance for developing countries by 2035. The agreement also called for efforts to scale up finance from all public and private sources to at least $1.3 trillion annually by the same year.
The two figures are not interchangeable. The $300 billion target is the new collective finance goal led by developed countries, while the wider $1.3 trillion ambition is expected to draw on a broader range of sources, including private investment.
For developing countries, the concern is whether the money will be available on affordable terms and reach the communities and sectors most exposed to climate risks.
A major disagreement concerns the responsibility of developed countries to provide financial resources under the Paris Agreement.
Developing countries want discussions to address these obligations, particularly the provision of public finance. Some wealthier countries favour a broader approach that includes improving access to finance and expanding the range of contributors.
For Nigeria, the funding needs are substantial.
The country requires investment in renewable energy, electricity infrastructure, climate-resilient agriculture, flood management and early-warning systems. Many of these interventions will depend on concessional finance and public investment, rather than private capital alone.
The question at COP31 will be whether countries can make progress on the scale, quality and accessibility of climate finance, rather than simply restating funding ambitions.
Fossil fuels and the just transition
The future of fossil fuels will also remain a difficult issue.
At COP28 in Dubai in 2023, countries agreed for the first time in a final climate decision to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable manner. The agreement also called for tripling global renewable energy capacity and doubling the rate of energy-efficiency improvements by 2030.
The decision marked a significant shift in climate negotiations. However, countries have continued to disagree over how to implement it, and the commitment has yet to translate into an agreed global roadmap for moving away from coal, oil and gas.
At COP30 in Belém, Brazil, in 2025, countries failed to secure a formal roadmap for the transition away from fossil fuels. The omission exposed the continuing divide between nations seeking faster action and those whose economies depend heavily on fossil fuel production.
The issue is particularly sensitive for Nigeria, where oil and gas remain important sources of government revenue and foreign exchange. At the same time, millions of people lack reliable electricity, while gas flaring, pollution and energy poverty continue to affect communities.
A transition that ignores these realities risks deepening existing inequalities. But maintaining dependence on fossil fuels without a credible plan for cleaner energy also exposes the country to economic and environmental risks as the global energy system changes.
This is where the just transition mechanism agreed at COP30 becomes important. Countries are expected to discuss its structure and implementation at COP31.
The mechanism is intended to strengthen international cooperation, technical assistance and capacity-building to help countries and workers navigate the shift to lower-carbon economies.
For Nigeria, a meaningful just transition must go beyond replacing one energy source with another. It should address the affordability and reliability of electricity, the future of workers in fossil fuel-dependent industries, the development of local clean-energy businesses and the needs of communities affected by environmental degradation.
Adaptation cannot wait
While emissions reduction receives considerable attention at climate summits, adaptation is equally urgent for countries already experiencing the effects of climate change.
Flooding, prolonged dry spells and rising temperatures are affecting livelihoods and infrastructure across Africa. In Nigeria, recurring floods have displaced communities, damaged homes and farms, disrupted transport and increased pressure on public services.
The effects extend beyond physical damage.
Extreme heat can affect workers’ productivity and health, while disruptions to agricultural production can worsen food insecurity. Poorer households often have fewer resources to recover from these shocks.
At COP30, countries agreed on 59 indicators to help measure progress towards the Global Goal on Adaptation. The indicators are intended to assess how countries are strengthening resilience in areas such as water, food systems, health and infrastructure.
However, agreeing on indicators does not automatically provide the resources needed to implement adaptation plans. Developing countries continue to demand more predictable funding, particularly for projects that may not attract private investment.
COP30 also called for efforts to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035. Questions remain over how the commitment will be measured and delivered.
Nigeria’s climate ambitions
Nigeria will arrive in Antalya with an updated climate commitment that sets out a more specific emissions-reduction pathway.
Under its third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0), submitted in 2025, Nigeria targets an absolute emissions reduction of 168.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2030 and 184.9 million tonnes by 2035, using 2018 as its base year. These targets represent reductions of about 29 and 32 per cent, respectively, against the country’s 2018 net emissions. Nigeria also maintains its ambition to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060.
The plan includes commitments for the energy, industrial, agriculture, land-use and waste sectors. For the oil and gas industry, it targets zero routine gas flaring by 2030, alongside reductions in fugitive emissions from leaks and venting.
But the challenge is turning these commitments into functioning projects and measurable results.
Achieving these targets will require sustained investment in renewable energy, stronger electricity infrastructure, effective regulation and better coordination among government agencies and private investors.
This is particularly relevant to COP31’s proposed 35-by-35 electrification target.
A narrowing window for climate action
COP31 also comes as the international community prepares for the second Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement, the process through which countries assess collective progress towards the treaty’s goals.
The first stocktake, concluded in 2023, found that global efforts were insufficient to keep the world on track to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Its outcome called for faster action on renewable energy, energy efficiency, deforestation and the transition away from fossil fuels.
The latest United Nations Environment Programme Emissions Gap Report reinforces the urgency. It warns that global temperatures are expected to exceed the 1.5-degree threshold, even as it argues that the scale and duration of that overshoot can still be limited through faster emissions cuts.
The report estimates that current national climate pledges, if fully implemented, would reduce emissions by only 11 to 15 per cent by 2035 compared with 2025 levels. A pathway designed to return global temperatures to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century would require emissions to fall by 45 per cent by 2035.
The United States’ absence from the official government delegation will also be notable.
The country formally withdrew from the Paris Agreement in January 2026, presenting another challenge to international cooperation at a time when stronger action from major emitters is needed.
Ultimately, the significance of COP31 will not be measured by the number of speeches, announcements or pledges made in Antalya. It will depend on whether countries can resolve outstanding disagreements, strengthen support for vulnerable nations and establish practical pathways for delivering commitments already on the table.
For Nigeria, the summit should be more than an opportunity to restate its climate ambitions. It is a chance to push for accessible finance, strengthen the case for investment in clean energy and ensure that the transition supports jobs, electricity access and livelihoods.
This report is published as part of the COP31 Reporting Fellowship of the Centre for Journalism Innovation and Development
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Health
Plateau Mega Medical Outreach Treats 17,603 Patients, Performs 724 Surgeries Across Three Zones
The Plateau State Government says its free Mega Medical Outreach has attended to 17,603 patients and performed 724 surgical operations across the three senatorial zones, significantly exceeding its initial target of 6,000 beneficiaries.
The Commissioner for Health, Dr Nicholas Baamlong, disclosed this on Saturday, November 7, 2026, while briefing journalists on the conclusion of the general phase of the exercise organised by Governor Caleb Mutfwang.
According to Baamlong, the outreach, which ran from October 19 to November 6, covered selected public health facilities across the Central, Southern and Northern Senatorial Zones, providing free consultations, laboratory investigations, eye care, dental services and major and minor surgical procedures successfully carried out with no deaths.
The figures released by the Ministry of Health show that the programme attended to 4,294 patients in the Central Zone, 5,625 in the Southern Zone and 7,684 in the Northern Zone.
Across the three zones, the government recorded 5,033 eye consultations, distributed 3,588 pairs of eyeglasses and performed 390 cataract surgeries. A total of 4,857 laboratory investigations and 1,334 dental consultations were also conducted.
The outreach further recorded 724 surgical operations, comprising 151 major and 573 minor surgeries. The procedures included myomectomies, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, thyroidectomies, caesarean sections and orthopaedic interventions.
The ministry also disclosed that 457 people were enrolled in the Plateau State Contributory Healthcare Management Agency (PLASCHEMA) during the exercise.
Baamlong said the 17,603 beneficiaries represented approximately 193 per cent above the initial target, describing the turnout as evidence of the demand for accessible and affordable healthcare services in the state.
However, the commissioner acknowledged that the outreach should not be treated as an isolated intervention, stressing the need to strengthen healthcare delivery across primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities.
He disclosed that Governor Mutfwang intends to institutionalise the programme as a regular intervention rather than a one-off exercise, dismissing suggestions that it was organised primarily because of the approaching election.
According to him, the programme had been planned earlier in the year but was delayed by the coordination, planning and engagement required with development partners, including German partners.
He explained that while emergency interventions, outbreak responses and ambulance services remain part of the ministry’s activities, the medical outreach is another component of the government’s broader healthcare strategy.
The commissioner said the long-term objective should be to strengthen existing health institutions to the point where elaborate medical outreaches would no longer be necessary, while ensuring that residents have regular access to essential healthcare services.
The programme is, however, not yet entirely concluded, as the government announced another three-week phase of specialised medical interventions at Plateau State Specialist Hospital, Jos, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) and Potters Specialist Hospital, Jos.
The next phase is expected to cover advanced orthopaedic, neurological, neurosurgical, urological and ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeries for patients requiring more complex medical procedures.
The Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Health, Mr Samuel Aliyu Tsoho, said the intervention cost millions of naira, while appreciating the governor, medical personnel and other stakeholders who participated in the exercise.
He particularly acknowledged health workers who travelled to rural communities and remained at designated facilities to provide services throughout the outreach.
While the government has presented the figures as a major achievement, the planned institutionalisation of the programme raises an important question about the sustainability of free medical interventions and the capacity of existing public health facilities to provide affordable services beyond periodic government-sponsored outreaches.
For thousands of residents who benefited from the exercise, the intervention provided access to treatments and surgeries that might otherwise have been financially difficult to afford. The challenge now is to translate the intervention into lasting improvements in healthcare access, infrastructure and service delivery across Plateau State.
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